​When you hear the word „philosophy“ you might think of something ancient, the stone figures of Platon and Aristoteles or you are reminded to intellectuals from the past centuries that built their theories on the existance of god. But this image will change if I replace it by its actual meaning: „The love to wisdom“. Suddently it is sometning emotiomal, something that is not only for a small circle of intellectuals, but for everybody.
Our planet is changing faster than ever. In only 30 years the internet changed nearly everyones life fundamentally. I mean, who does not use the internet on a daily basis; no single Google search, no Whatsapp message, not even a song on Spotify, nothing? This new invention brought incredible possibilities but it also brought us a big stack of problems to solve, and as Edward Snowden says, the internet and especially social media are seriously questioning our freedom nowdays. Furthermore, we are facing the climate crisis. In germany we have already had an increase of temperature of 1,5 degrees since the preindustrial time, as the minister for environment recently said. These 1,5 degrees are the limit for global warming agreed by the nations of the world at the climate summit in Paris in 2015. Even though climate change obviously mainly is a physical toptic it is a philosophical topic, too. To stop global warming, we need a radical change in our economy system, but also in our western way to live, away from wasting resources and unnecessary consuming to a sustainable lifestyle. Facing all these big topics, we should ask ourselves what we actually want. Do we want to continue allowing big technology companies to collect and sell our datas just to use Google‘s tools for free? Do we want to continue wasting resources and polluting our planet just to not give up any comfort we have today until we have no choice anymore?
This brings me to the conclusion, that philosophy is fundamental for our society, simply because it is the only science that asks what really matters in life and how we want to live, personally, as a society and in our more and more globalised world also as a humanity. To deal with the big questions of our time pragmatic short term politics are not appropriate. What we need is a philosophy that gives our politics of today a clear direction.
 

In philosophy, the heart of tolerance is self-control. When we tolerate something, we resist the urge to react emotionally or hatefully, and exercise control over our immediate impulses. We realize that forcefully stating our opinions or hateful comments is not more important than acceptance and maintaining peace. At least, this is what a nice and peaceful world would look like. In a perfect world, we realize that having autonomy as an individual is important and not one person in the world has the right to take away this autonomy. Problems arise when people do not respect the autonomy of another person and abuse their right to freedom of speech with hurting another person.

Back in the past, the idea of the Internet started with optimism – massive networking all over the globe that brings people together and offers more opportunities for understanding as ever before (imagine all the information and knowledge available in seconds). Yet, these same technologies are now used as a platform for ethnic, cultural and religious intolerance. We can say whatever we want, whenever, anonymously, without any repercussions – making it easier to promote extremist worldviews or to hurt others. With the development of technology, new modes of intolerance have emerged, such as cyberbullying.

Therefore, we cannot forget that tolerance is a virtue, it is our moral duty as human beings to respect and accept other human beings, and since this has not always been the case, now countries have legal obligations to ensure that tolerance is maintained. Just as we want to feel respected, heard and understood, every other person has the same needs. We all have our worries, desires and needs because we are human beings. The most important thing we can do as humans is to employ our consciousness to question things. Not only question things that others say or do, but also question ourselves and the beliefs we hold as true. When we don’t question the information we receive and blindly follow it, we are like unconscious machines with no autonomy. Why would we want that as humans – as creatures that have this amazing thing called consciousness.

What is more, people are complex beings (no surprise here), and we are surely more than our religious beliefs, or our sexuality, or our strongly held ideologies. We are all little worlds full of different memories, experiences and history. So, why do we sometimes let a small but loud part of ourselves define us? Why do we feel the need to grasp to these beliefs so strongly and build all our identity around it? There is no need to limit our identity to a mere conflict – an opposition giving us meaning through the existence of “the other.” If our beliefs are so feeble that the simple fact of someone else having a different belief or opinion could threaten ours, then it is not a problem of them, but us. Everything starts with us. We cannot control anything else but our own belief and value systems. What we can do is have a positive influence on others, share the affection, love and acceptance, and we might just impact another soul as much as to start doing it too. That is the kind of chain reaction I would like to see happen in the world.

For decades we have seen that women do not have the same opportunities as men, and with respect to the scientific part even less. It is very difficult to open a gap in the profession and especially progress in it. The data is clear, finally the proportion of women is growing.
The biochemist Margarita Salas (Canero, Asturias, 1938), one of the greatest scientists in Spain died on the 7th November in Madrid at the age of 80. Margarita Salas has been one of the most important researchers in Spain, where she worked for years on Molecular Biology.
Among her career achievements, Salas has the discovery of the DNA polymerase of the bacteriophage phi29 virus, which has a crucial application in biotechnology: it allows amplifying DNA in a simple, fast and reliable way. This technique allows oncologists to expand small populations of cells that could lead to tumors.
He earned a doctorate in biochemistry in 1963 from the Complutense University of Madrid and subsequently worked for three years with the Nobel Prize in Biochemistry Severo Ochoa at the University of New York. Later he returned to Spain and founded the first molecular genetics research group in 1967 in the CSIC.
Happy to be a woman and have references like her.

The need to try to integrate refugees into Europe is so important that it has been attempted to be done through sport, a healthy way of competitiveness where friendship has prevailed. Unfortunate in the society in which we live most of it is stratified into racial, ethnic and cultural groups, and these people are in a vulnerable position.
The objective of the FARE is clear: Promote the fight against racism at football. They also aim to raise awareness of the football family in order to enhance integration in this sport and encourage players, clubs, associations…
Racisms still being a topic that continues to generate controversy in the world of football. Racial discrimination is a problem that still at all areas of society, and sport has never been the exception.
If we talk about women in sports, I think it's even worse. Women are at a disadvantage only because our condition of women, so if we add to this fact that they come from another country, with another culture, another way of thinking and another way of living situations, it gets even more complicated.
Until the mid-twentieth century, football was exclusive for men. The situation of women's football for the Middle East remains at a disadvantage due to the socio-cultural conditions. All countries should promote equality in all areas, because only in this way would we eradicate social and racial discrimination.


Irene Suarez Macias ​

Fare, acronym of football against racism, is an organization that want to improve social inclusion through sports, especially football, as the most popular sport in the world. With their job, they want to combat all forms of discrimination, including sexism, racism, homophobia and discrimination against disabled people.

This year, along with more than other 150 organization members across European and no European state, also Praxis Greece took part at the annual Football People action weeks. During our campaign, being an organization that works for and with refugees, through our events we try to sensitize local people about refugees and the matter of social inclusion.
But in which way we can think about football as a means of social inclusion? Football, being the most famous sport in the world, has the power to bring people closer together. People from different religions, culture, language, sexual orientation and gender. During the years, and with the developing of technology, now even telephone app can be useful. For example, there are apps that organize football match with people that don’t know each other and are designed for the one that move in new cities and don’t know anybody. Maybe they don’t even know the local language but still they want to meet people, have fun and feel less alone. Football it’s perfect for this purpose: you don’t need to speak the same language to play and be part of the team. This apps works like meeting app, but instead of a dates, their goal is to arrange football matches. No matter the differences.

​So, it’s clear that it’s not just an app to play football: at the end, they are app for social inclusion.
 
Chiara Prato

 At the 12th of October we, the organisation PRAXIS organised a football event with several matches between the refugees from town and the local football club Panserraikos, at which the games actually took place. Also, other volunteers from Latvia and Lithuania joined the games and enriched the whole event. The reason for the whole thing was fare (football against racism), to put something against racism and to offer the refugees a nice day.
All in all, we had four games of refugees against Panserraikos. The games last for 40 minutes each. First, childs and youths played, then older players and in the end the professionals of Panserraikos against not that professional players from the refugees. But even though the refugees objectively were chanceless, they never lost motivation and excitement. And finally they even scored a goal! The refugees, that were not playing at the time, enthusiastically supported the currently playing refugee team. They even had drums. Furthermore, everyone could get food and drinks from a buffet, so that nobody had to be hungry and everyone had enough to drink at this very hot day. Finally, the day found a round end with a big photo of all the participants.
Thanks to the organisers - I especially want to thank Pangiotis, who put the most work into the event – the motivated refugees, Panserraikos and also the beautiful weather, it became a very nice and successful day! Everyone had a lot of fun and it did not matter where you were from at all. Football brought us together. And I hope we could give the refugees the feeling that they are very welcome here and that they are a part of the community.

Paul Müller

The discrimination of women in Football :
From the 7th to the 13th of October the team of PRAXIS participated in the campaign of FARE – football against racism.
Sadly people are still discriminated because of their skin colour, sexual orientation or gender nowadays. Especially women are disadvantaged in sport all over the world. The discrimination of women in football was one of the topics we have discussed about in our daily broadcast during the FARE campaign. Our research for this broadcast was shocking as we found
many examples of oppression of women in football. One of them is the salary gap, the reason why the female football players of the USA went to court. While a male player receives 2000 $ after a lost match, a female player receives not a single dollar. If a game has been won, a male player
receives more than 17,000 $ while a female player receives only 1,500$ in the US. This injustice made the female national team go to court. They were protesting for their future as
athletes and their right to be treated equally as their male colleges. Suprisingly the court did not agree with the demand of the women for equality. According o the US
court women are weaker by nature. They are not able to bring the same results and therefore also not worth the same salary.
Our aim in the campaign of FARE was to show that everybody is worth equal in sport. We want to fight against injustice and prejudices like these.

​Elisa Henke

During the FARE week, specially on Thursday, we created the material for an InfoPoint and also some of our volunteers organized some activities in Alexander’s Hotel where the refugees took part, above all, the children.
In the morning two of our volunteers went to Alexander’s Hotel, where they made handmade masks, flags and medals with the children, having fun and explaining to them what FARE was. They had a great time all together, celebrating The Festival Against Racism in Europe, transmitting a message full of love and care to all of them while they teach English to them. At the same time, in the Office, the rest of the volunteers were working on the photo-call, decorating it and preparing all the materials for the Stand we put in the Central Square of Serres on Thursday afternoon. We went there around 17:00h and stayed until 19:00h. In this time we interviewed people about racism, we asked them what it was for them, what were they doing against it… In that moment, we faced the language problem, with which we saw that not everyone could answer our questions because of the lack of it. We played with children and took pictures with local people who came and asked us about the meaning of FARE. Some refugees were there supporting us, too. And all together created an amazing and lovely atmosphere. At the end, we were interviewed for a local channel from Serres, which we explained the meaning of FARE and the following activities we were going to do during that week.
It was a great day that all of us enjoyed a lot.

Ananda Antón Linares

The Praxis organization has carried out many activities for Fare is an organization that fight inequality in football, throwing a unified message against discrimination.
Fare is committed to dealing with discrimination through the power of inclusion in football, as the most popular sport in the world, it belongs to us all and can boost social cohesion.
For that reason, a workshop was held with volunteers from eight countries and other local people from Serres with the purpose of making football visible through people. Participatory activities were created. In addition, the president of the local football club “Panserraikos” gave a talk and there were interventions on personal stories about the influence of sport in their lives.
A week full of experiences and new experiences, a week that improves people's daily lives, characterizes the "Soccer against racism" week.
For me personally, it was really surprising to notice how easy it is to do something good and change the world for a moment. I hope they continue to be such events.

Christian Losa Moreno 

Since Praxis organized events in cooperation with the Fare Network to counter racism in football in October 2019, it is also important to shed some light on the topic of extremism in this sport. Football clubs have many different fans, but then there are “ultras” and “hooligans” that go beyond what it means to be a follower of something and illustrate the word’s original meaning of what it really means to be a fanatic.

Ultras are football fans known for their fanatical support. The term originated in Italy but is now used worldwide to describe football fans that are not as chaotic as hooligans. Ultras groups use flares, provide loud vocal support and display banners at football stadiums, in order to create an atmosphere which encourages their own team and intimidates the opposing one. Their actions can be influenced by political ideologies such as conservatism, socialism or views on racism, ranging from nationalists to anti-fascists. The loyal support of the team might become secondary to the theoretical ideology. They proudly wear the scarves and colors of their team and don’t get as violent as hooligans that disguise themselves in casual clothes so as not to get in trouble with the police.

Football hooliganism, however, goes further than that, and involves conflict between gangs (called “football firms” from British slang) which are formed to intimidate and physically attack the supporters of the opposing teams. Hooliganism often happens outside of the stadium to avoid arrest by the police. In extreme cases, people have gotten hurt and even been killed. Hooligans wear scarves to hide their faces and casual clothing instead of wearing the colors of the football teams.

In the English media, the label “football hooliganism” first appeared in the 1960s, which lead to increased media interest in the subject. It might be that the frequent reporting of the acts of disorder created a moral panic that is not in proportion with the scale of the actual problem. However, this kind of behavior is certainly a problem and I am sure many people have firsthand experience with it on the streets. As an Estonian, I have not noticed or thought about this kind of extreme support for football locally, as it does not seem to be such a big thing there (perhaps because we do not win a lot), so as I lived abroad, I saw with disturbed wonder how riled up men could get from just – in my humble opinion –  football. To someone not having followed or cared about the games or the culture, the streets filled with crazy drunk football fans can be a dangerous picture. These days, any kind of extreme fandom or stan-culture tends to be unhealthy, while creating too much opposition, and seems to be an excuse to be violent or cause trouble.

As for the reasons behind such behavior, there can be many. Football hooliganism has been called “ritualized male violence,”[1] which succinctly sums up the phenomenon. Scholars Paul Gow and Joel Rookwood at Liverpool Hope University found in a 2008 study that “football violence can be explained in relation to a number of factors, relating to interaction, identity, legitimacy and power. Football violence is also thought to reflect expressions of strong emotional ties to a football team, which may help to reinforce a supporter’s sense of identity.”[2] It can often happen that people without a sense of identity fall “victim” to extremist groups that give them a purpose and a meaning to life. It is exhilarating and freeing to be a part of something, to feel like you belong. This is not a good and healthy way of going about it though. Hopefully, in the future, people will find better ways to search for their identity and to feel like they belong, and there will be less need for senseless violence and tiring rivalry, and everyone can exist beside each other in peace.

Jaanika Malla


[1] Ramón Spaaij, Understanding Football Hooliganism: A Comparison of Six Western European Countries.

[2] https://web.archive.org/web/20141031101939/http://www.joelrookwood.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Paper-6-Gow-and-Rookwood-Vol-2-2009.pdf